Machine for making paragon umbrella-ribs



(No Model.) 6 Sheets-Sheet 1.

D. M. REDMOND. MACHINE FOR MAKING PARAGON UMBRELLA RIBS.

No. 364,436. Patented June 7, 1887.

ATTORNEYS.

(No Model.) 6 Sheets-Shee t 2.

'1). M. RE DMOND. MACHINE FOR MAKING PARAGON UMBRELLA RIBS.

N0. 364,436. Patented June 7, 1887.

szs INVENTOR:

BY M g,

@ ATTORNEYS- N. PETERS. Pnolo-Lm mwm, Wmhingmn. v.1;

(No Model.) 6 Sheets-Sheet 3.

D. M. REDMOND. MACHINE FOR MAKING PARAGON UMBRELLA RIBS.

No. 364,436. Patented June 7, 1887.

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wssm: INVBNTOB: M4 BY Y ATTORNEYS;

(No Model.) 6 Sheets-Sheet 4.

D. M. REDMOND. MACHINE FOR MAKING PARAGON UMBRELLA RIBS.

No. 364,436. Patented June 7, 1887.

a 1 .5 W a WITNESSES; I I INVENTOR:

BY I ATTORNEYS.

N. PETERS. PhOl'kl-iihul'aphlr, Washingwn. QC.

(No Model.) 6 Sheets-Shet 5.

D. M. REDMOND. MACHINE FOR MAKING PARAGON U BR LLA-RIBS.

No. 364,436. Patented June 7, 1887.

way/z WITNESSES INVENTOR: M @021 KQ/JMM BY Juwm v ATTORNEYS.

(No Model.) 6 Sheets-Sheet 6.

D. M. REDMONDJ MACHINE FOR MAKING PARAGON UMBRELLA RIBS.

' No. 364,436. Patented June 7,1887.

WITNESSES U INVENTOR flaw/w. BY g v ATTORNEYS.

N. PETEns Phoh-Uthognbhur, wilhingmm 9.6

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

DANIEL M. REDMOND, OF PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA.

MACHINE FOR MAKING PARAGON UMBRELLA-RIBS.

$PECIPICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. $64-$36, dated June '7, 1887.

Application filed July Ell, 1886. Serial No.208,63l. (No model.)

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, DANIEL M. RED'MOND, ofPhiladelphia, in the county of Philadelphia and State ot'Pennsylvania,have invented anew and improved met-bod of and apparatus for strengthening, perforating, forming, tempering and testing paragon umbrellaribs, of which the following is a full, clear and exact description.

In making the so-called paragon umbrella-ribs, the paragon wire, which is U- shaped in cross-section, is flattened at intervals while thewire is in an annealed or soft state, and perforated at the flattened portions for the passage through the ribs of the pins or bindingwircs by which, they are connected to the top ring of the umbrella and to the umbrellabraces. After this the wire is hardened and tempered,

In order to counteract the weakening effect of flattening and piercing the ribs, it is found desirable to strengthen or re-cnforce them at thellattened portions, so that the ribs may be of ample strength throughout to stand the strain brought upon them in use. This strengthening or re-enforcing of the ribs is accomplished by inserting in the groove of the wire, at the points where it is to be flattened and perforated, short pieces of wire or strips of metal previous to flattening and perforating; and the perforations are usually made through the reenforcing strips, so that they not only strengthen aud'stiffen the ribs, but arethe1nselves thereby secure] y held in place, and also form bearings for the pins or binding-wires that unite the ribs to the top ring and the braces of the umbrella-frame.

Heretofore in the manufacture of these ribs, the strengthening 0r re-enforcing pieces of metal have been inserted by hand, and the ribs have always been formed in short lengths lengths suitable for the umbrella-frame which they are to form. The perforating has been done by suitablepunching machinery,in which each short piece or rib is placed separately by hand and hold while the piercing is per formed. After punching the ribs they have been hardened by heating many of them together in a metal tube, and subsequently immersi ng them while hot in some cooling-liquid, usually oil. After this cooling in oil the ribs have been tempered or annealed by mingling them with numerous other heated wires, from which they take the required slow second heat by radiation. after cleaning the ribs, which is a laborious and time-consuming operation,(rendcred so by the burning of the adhering oil inthe annealing process,) the ribs are severally tested by hand by taking each rib and bending it over pins to the proper curve. If the ribs take the curve without breaking or cracking and when released spring back of their own accord to a straight line, they have been successfully treated; but, owing to the fact that the success of this old method depends almost altogether upon thejudgment and skillof the workman, many ribs fail to stand the test, and these ribs so failing are worthless and 10st. Besides this loss, and the unavoidable loss of time and labor incident to the many operations through which the ribs pass, and the cost of skilled labor required in carrying iton in anything like a practical manner, this old method is attended with another serious difficulty--viz., the warping of the short ribs in the first tempering or hardening heat. This entails a separate operation of strengthening the ribs at the time of annealing, and the straightening is done by hand with the outla y of considerable time and labor.

My invention consists, principally, of a method of manufacturing paragon umbrellaribs, which consists, as practically conducted, [in flattening, re-enforcing, perforating, te1np ering, annealing, and testing while the grooved or paragon wire is in continuous lengthsJ-thus conducting the work with mechanical precision, rapidly, and Without skilled labor, and without many of the operations followed in theold method, and particularly avoiding loss in the tempering and testing operations.

The invention also consists of a machine, and its details, constructed for flattening, re-' enforcing, and perforating the ribs in continuous lengths. This machineembodies guide rollers for the paragon or grooved wire and feed-rollers and holdingdevices for the re-enforcing wire, a knife for cutting the short reenforcing pieces from the re-enfore-ing wire, a reciprocating die and stationary anvil for fiat+ toning the wire, reciprocating punchers and stationary punch plates and dies for perforate After this second heating and ing the wire, a reciprocating feeding device for drawing the paragon wire unremittingly through the machine, and a reciprocating knife and stationary anvil for nicking the wire at regular intervals to facilitate the separating of the wire into lengths suitable for umbrellaframes. I

Reference is to be had to the accompanying drawings, forming a part of this specification, in which similar letters of reference indicate corresponding parts in all the figures.

Figure 1 is a plan view of my new machine for re-enforcing, flattening, perforating, and nicking the wire. Fig. 2 is a side elevation of the same. Fig. 3, Sheet 2, is an enlarged transverse sectional elevation taken on the line 00 m, Fig. 1. Fig. 4 is a similar view on line x 00, Fig. 1. Fig. 5, Sheet 3, is a similar view on the line 3 y of Fig. 1. Fig. 6 is a similar view on y 9, Fig. 1. Fig. 7, Sheet 4, is an enlarged detailed longitudinal sectional elevation taken on the line 2 z of Fig. 3. Fig. 8 is an enlarged detailed sectional plan view on line 2 z of Fig. '7. Figs. 9 and 10, Sheet 4, show,respectively,detailed top and edge views of the rollers and feed mechanism for the strengthening-wire, or wire from which the strengthening-pieces are cut. Fig. 11, Sheet 5, is a detailed plan view of the feedmotion for feeding the rib-wire through themachine. Fig. 12 is asectional elevation showing one of the punches and dies and one means for holding the rib-wire while being pierced, and Figs. 13 and 14 show, respectively, a side and plan view of a modified device for holding the rib wire while being punched. Fig. 15, Sheet 6, is a detailed plan view of the rear end of the machine,showing the reel for the rib-wire as it issues from the machine. Fig; 16 shows the means employed for tempering and testing. Figs. 17 and 18 show, respectively, side and plan views of a portion of a completed umbrella'wire; and Fig. 19 shows the sectional U form of the paragon-wire, to which form it is bent in long lengths before it enters the strengthening, flattening, and punching or piercing machine.

A represents the main shaft journaled in suitable bearings formed in or secured to the main frame B, which is of appropriate size, form, and strength to carry all the operative parts of the machine.

Slow rotary motion is imparted to the shaft A from asuitable motor acting through the drive-pulley 0, its short shaft, and the cogwheels 0 C"; and the shaft A communicates reciprocating motion to the flattening-die D,

- Fig. 1, which acts against the stationary anvil D. It also reciprocates the knife-stock d", the two punches E F, which act against the stationary punch-dies E F, respectively, and the nicking-die G, which acts against the stationary anvil G, all of which will be more particularly described below. The main shaft A also communicates motion, through the medium of the two beveled gear-wheels HH, to the short transverse shaft H, the office of which is, first, to reciprocate the feeding dc vice I for drawing the grooved paragon wire (1, Figs. 17, 18, 19, Sheet 6, intermittently through the machine, which it accomplishes by the crank-disk 1 and connecting-rod 1 and, secondly, to revolve the receiving-drum J, Figs. and 16, Sheet 6, by means of an endless belt or chain, J, and sprocket-wheels J J", for winding upon the drum the wirea as it issues from the machine. Thegrooved wire a, as it enters the machine, is of wrought-iron and U-shaped in cross section, as shown in Fig. 19, and it enters the machine in a continuous length between the guide-rollers b I) at the front, and in being intermittently drawn through the machine by the sliding action of the feeding mechanism I it first receives at regular intervals the short re-enforcing wires a, Fig.18, then is flattened at intervals against the re-enforcing pieces a, as shown at a, then is twice perforated, as shown at a (0, Figs. 16 and 17, at the flattened and re-cnforced portions, and finally is nicked between the perforations, as shown at a, to enable the wire to be easily separated into short pieces of the required length. i

I prefer to use two sets of'guide-rollers, bl), for leading the paragon wire to the machine; but a single set might be used, if desired. The lower rollers, Z), are peripherally grooved to receive the wire a, while the upper rollers, Z), are made quite thin, to run in the gutter ofthc wire a, as shown clearly in Fig. 7, Sheet 4, for forcing the wire a down into the grooves of the lower rollers, b, so that these rollers, while they act as guides to the wire, also .act to straighten it and to remove from it any indentations or irregularities.

The upper rollers, b, are, by preference, made adjustable to and from the lower rollers, Z), by the screws b", or otherwise, to enable the press ure of the upper rollers upon the wire in the grooves of the lower rollers tobe regulated so that more or less tension maybe put upon the paragon wire. The upper rollers may be adjusted in various ways; but I prefer to use the screws D which are swivelcd at their lower ends in the uprights b" and work in screwthreaded openings in lugs or projections formed at the upper ends of the plates 1). These plates carry the shaftjournals of the rollers b and embrace the edges of the up- .rights I) by means of dovetailed flanges, as shown clearly in Fig. 8, Sheet 4, so that by turning the screws 2) by the cranks I), or otherwise, the plates I), and with them the wheels b, may be conveniently raised and lowered. Lateral guides b b for the wire a are placed between the sets of rollers b b, as shown clearly in Fig. 2; but these may be omitted, it desired.

In entering the long lengths of wire a to the machine, after one end is placed between the rollers 12 b it is pushed through the orifice 0 past the flattening-die D and its stationary anvil D and past the knife-stock d, (see Figs. 1, 3, and 8,) thence past the two punchers E E and F F to the sliding feeding mechanism or deviceI, and is thence placed between the The detailsof construction of thefeedmechanism I will be more fully described below.

WV represents a continuous wrought-iron wire from which the short re-enforeing pieces a are cut by the k nife d, held in the knife-stock d". The wire XV is fed intermittently into the machine by the feed-rollers K K, which are geared together by the gear-wheels k k, (shown in Fig. 10, Sheet 4,) and intermittently operated from the eccentrics 7r on the main shaft A. This eccentric acts through the strap k surroundiii it, the links It It, (see Fig. 9, Sheet 4,) rocking pawl-lever it and ratchet-wheel 7c, the latter secured upon the shaft of the roller K. The pawl-lever 75 is fulcruined on said shaft, so that the pawl lc thereof engages with the teeth of the ratchet-wheel. Thelongitudinal movement of the connections It" k, caused by eccentric 7c", rocks the pawllevcr k and causes an intermittent rotary motion to be imparted to the feed-rollers K K, each movement being sufficient to feed the wire W the desired length for a single reenforcing piece, a.

In order to feed wires of different sizes I make the roller K adjustable to and from the roller K by means of ordinary block-bearings and setscrews inserted in slots in the frame K that re ceives the feed-rollers.

From the feed-rollers K K the wire \V is through which the paragon wirca passes, and

' also exaelly in line'with the knife and stock d (1", so that the down-thrust of the said knife and stock will sever the short re enforcing pieces a from the'wire NV and deposit them, as they are successively out, into the groove of the paragon wire, as illustrated in Figs. 7 and 8, Sheet 4. The knife stock at" is held in a groove in a rigid vertical upright, (1 and is operated from the main shaft A by the cam d and centrally-fulerumed lever d", which is connected with the stock atone end, preferably by means of a projection at the upper end of the stock, and acted upon at the other by the coiled spring (1", which holds the lever in contact with the cam, so that the revo lution of the shaft and cam rocks the lever d and vertically reciprocates the stock cl". The down-thrust of the stock 12 causes the knife (I, carried at its lower end, to sever a short reenforcing-piece, a, from the wire V and deadapt the feed-rollers K K to,

posit it in the groove of the paragon wire in front of the flatteningdie D, between it and its stationary anvil D, as shown clearly in Fig. 8, Sheet 4. At this time the paragon wire a is at rest,and the flattening-die D is forced for ward by the action of the eccentric f on the main shaft A, Fig. 3, Sheet 2, and compresses the wire a and re-enforeing piece a between the die and anvil D, so that said wire and r'e-enforcing strip are made flat for a space equal to the width of the face of the die D. The grooved wire a is in this manner elosedupon the re-enforcing wire, so that the latter is held securely in place, and it becomes in effect apart of the wire a. Vhen the die D recedes, the knife and knife-stock d d are elevated, and at this time the feeding mechanism I draws the paragon wire a along a stated distancaand the feed rollers K Kfeed the reenforcing wire V forward the length of another re-enforeing piece, a, ready for the next operation of the cutting-knife and flattening-die.

To insure the depositing of the short re-eir forcing pieces a in the groove of the paragon wire a as they are cut off by the knife, I'locate the feed-rollers K K so that the grooves thereof stand on a slightly-higher level than the orifice c, and I slant the orifice c slightly downward to give the wire V a downward pitch, as shown in Fig. 7, Sheet 4, so that as the wire 7 issues from the orifice its forward end will dip into the groove of the paragon wire. In addition to this I employ the plate 9 for depressing the forward end of the re-en forcing pieces into the paragon wire, as shown clearly in Fig. 7, Sheet 7.

For depressing the rear end of each re-enforcing piece I form the knife d with a projection or shoulder, d, (see Fig. 7,) and cause the knife, after cutting off each reenforcing ICO piece, to be forced down into the paragon wire upon the men forcing wire. This down movement of the knife grips the re-enforcing wire in the paragon wire, and the cam d is flattened at its outer surface, as shown at (1 Fig. 8, so the knife while gripping the rc-enforcing wire will dwell a sufficient length of time for the flattening-die D to move forward and flatten the paragon wire upon the reenforcing piece.

The plate g, Fig. 7, Sheet 4, is pivoted to another plate, g, attached to thespring g", which is attached to the rigid arm g, so as to hold the plate 9 so that it runs in the groove of the paragon wire. The spring 'g" permits the plates 9 g to have an upward movement,

g also causes the plate 1 to grasp the forward end of each re-enforcing piece a between it and the bottom of the paragon wire, so that whilethe knife (1 holds one end of each re-enforcing piece the other end is held by the plate g at the time the wires are flattened by the die D.

The die D is connected to the cccentrief by the connecting-strapf, attached to the block 1, to which the die proper is adjustably at tached by the screw f, as shown in Fig. 3, Sheet 2. The block f slides in a suitable guide recess, f,frmed in the main frame of the machine, as shown in said figure, and the anvil D is held in a recess, f made in the main frame, and the anvil is adapted to be adjusted by the screwf to adapt the die D to exert a greater or less pressure upon the paragon and reenforcing wires. At the same time the die D is forced forwardfor flattening the paragon and re-enforcing wires the punches E F are forced forward by their respective eccentrics e h on the main shaft, for perforating or piercing the paragon and re-enforeing wires where flattened by the die D, thus forming the perforations a a (Shown in Fig. 17, Sheet ti.) The penetrating-points of the punches enter shallow recesses formed in the punelrdies E F, and the wire is held in proper posit-ion against the faces of these p uneh-dies by a plate, F (shown in Figs. 4 and-12,) which plate is perforated for the passage of the penetratingpoints of the punches. The punches E F are duplicates of each other,'each being connected to its eccentric by a connecting-strap,j, and each held in a way formed by dovetailed cleats jj", secured to the main frame of the machine, as shown clearly in Figs. 4 and 12, Sheets 2 and 5.

I11 addition to the plates Fflfor holding the wire against the punch-dies, a pivoted button, 0, (see Fig. 12, Sheet 5,) may be used, arranged to act upon the upper edge of the wire, to prevent it from lifting. In place of this button 0 a sliding bar, 0, (see Figs. 13 and 14, Sheet 6,) may be used to prevent npward movement of the wire, and this bar is given a vertical reciprocating movement by means of a cam, 0 on the main shaft A and a centrally-fnlcrnmed lever, 0 By this construction the wire is clamped by the bar 0, and firmly held at the time the punches pass through them. At the time the punches E F and the flattening-die D are withdrawn from the wire by the action of their eccentrics on the main shaft A and the knife-stock d elevated, the feeding device I is carried backward by the action of the crank-disk I and the connectingrod 1 so that it feeds the wire into the machine the required distance. Then the feeding device releases the wire, and is forced forward to grasp the wire again. During this forward movement of the feed mechanism the knife-stock d and knife (1 descend, and'the flattening-die D and punches E F are forced forward, each to act upon the wires a a, as already described.

W'hile various devices or mechanism for intermittently drawing or feedingthe wire through the machine may be used, a feed mechanism having a reciprocating right-line action, so constructed that the reverse motion of the connectingrod will cause automatic grasping and releasing of the wire, is preferred. The feed-motion here shown consists, essentially, of the sliding block I, that moves in a groove, 1, made in the main frame of the machine, (see Figs. 5 and 6, Sheet 3,) and the sliding block or flanged plate 1 that moves in another groove, 1. The connecting-rod 1* is connected directly to the sliding block 1 and this block is connected to the block or plate 1 by the bar 1 the above-mentioned jaw t, (see Fig. 11, Sheet 5,) and the stopbutton or link i, which is pivoted to theplate 1" and engages with the pin 1"", secured in the jaw The jawi is hook-shaped, fnlcrnmed at i" to the plate 1 and is provided with an adjustable bit, t", to act against the stationary jaw for grasping the wire a. The button i is slotted at i in which slot the pin works, and when in operation the pin ftraverses this slot with each reciprocation of the bar I. This gives the bar I" a slight movement equal to the length of the slot i independent of the bar 1" before the jaw 1 acts to lock the bar 1 to the bar 1, and this independent movement is communicated directly to the jaw t for opening and closing it. Upon the backward movement of the whole feed-motion, the bar I and the said bar-jawz' move together independently of the bar of plate F until the pin 6 strikes the rear end of the slot This movement is justsnfiicient to close the bits of the jaw 2' upon the wire. The bar 1" and the bar 1 will now be locked together by the closing of the jaw and the action of the plate-button i and pin P, so that the whole will be moved back together, drawing the wire along in the chine. Upon the forward movement the bar I will move independently of the bar P until the pin strikes the forward end of the slot 2'. This movement will open the jaw t and release the wire and lock the bars I I together, so that the whole will move forward for again grasping the wire and drawing it along in the machine.

The plate I is formed with a series of holes, m, for connection with the jaw 23, and this plate is made adjustable by means ofthe screw m and jam nuts a so that by adjusting this plate the jaw may be made to close more or less snugly upon the wire being treated, and in or der to adjust the throw or distance of move ment of the feed-motion the connecting-rod 1 is made movable to and from the axis of the crank-disk 1, preferably by means of the T- slot at made in the disk and the sliding T-plate it placed therein, to which the wrist-pin is attached. The plate a may be secured at any point in the slot n by a set-screw, n", so that the feeding of the wire will. always be accurate. After the wire passes the feeding mechanism, having been re-enforced, flattened, and perforated, it passes between the nicking-jaws G and G, Fig. 6, the former of which is reciprocated at proper intervals for indenting or nicking the wire between the perforations a a to enable the wire to be easily separated into strips of proper lengths. The jaw G is held in ways, as shown elearlyinl ig. 6, Sheet 3,, and is reciprocated from the main shaft A by means of the eecentriol, connecting-straps Z, connecting-link Z and lever Z connected at its lower end to the link Z centrally fulcrumed in the arm 1*, and connected at its upper end to the jaw G.

From the nickingjaws G G the wire passes to the receiving-drum J, (see Fig. 15, Sheet 6,)

placed loosely on a square portion of the shaft J which is slowly revolved by shaft H and the endless chainand sprocket-wheels.

The drum J, when filled with wire, is removed from the shaft J and placed upon a support on shaft L, held by a post, L, in front of the hardening-furnace M, through which the wire is slowly but continuously drawn by the testing-drum P, and subjected in the fur nace to a uniform hardening heat throughout its whole length. Next to and inline with the furnace M is placed the cooling-tank N, to which water or oil is supplied from the supplytank N, and through which the wire is continuously drawn for suddenly and continuously cooling it as it issues from the furnace M. Next to the cooling-tank N and in line there with is placed the annealing or tempering furnace 0, through which the wire passes and continuously receives its second or tempering heat. The drum P is revolved at a speed bearing a certain relation to the degree of heat maintained in the furnaces and to the size of the wire, so that the wire will receive just the required heat the required length of time, and no more or no less, and the drum P is of such size in circumference that the wire wound upon it is broughtjust to the proper curve for testing it.

Theheat in the furnaces will be kept uniform and at just the required temperature while the wire is passing through them,so that every part of the wire throughout its whole length will be subjected to the same heat, and thus be uniformly tempered throughout, and the wire will be kept taut by the drums, so that the wire cannot warp either in the first or second heating.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is-

1. The method herein described .of treating paragon wire, which consists in re-enforcing, forming, and punching the same at intervals in continuous lengths in a soft state, then passing the same in continuous lengths taut through a heating-furnace, cooling-tank, and anneal ing-furnace, and finally winding the same upon atesting-drum, substantially as described.

* 2. A machine for treating paragon wire, comprising mechanism for feeding the wire intermittently through the machine, flattening and punching dies, a feed for the re-enforcing wire, and a reciprocating knife for cutting the re-enforcing pieces, substantially as described. 3. The feed mechanism I, constructed to draw the wire a intermittently through the machine, in combination with a feed for the wire W and a reciprocating knife for cutting short lengths of wire from the wire W, substantially as described.

4. The combination, with the reciprocating knife for cutting the re-enforcing wire, of the reciprocating die for flattening the wire, substantially as described.

5. The combination, with the knife for cutting the re-enforcing pieces, of a flattening die and punches arranged to pierce the wire at the flattened and re-enforced points, substantially as described.

6. The frame of the machine formed with a passage, 0, for the paragon wire, a passage, 0, above the passage 0 for the re-enforcing wire, and feed mechanism for both wires, in combination with a reciprocating knife for cutting short pieces from the re-enforcing wire, substantially as described.

7. The springsupported holding-plate 9, held to run in the paragon wire for holding the re-enforcing pieces on the paragon wire, substantially as described.

8. The knife (Z, having the shoulder d,.in combination with means for reciprocating the knife and forcing it down'upon the end ofthe re-enforcing wire for holding it in the paragon frame, substantially as. described.

9. The knife (2, formed with shoulder d, in combination with the spring-supported plate 9, arranged to run in the paragon wire, substantially as described.

10. The reciprocating feed mechanism for the paragon wire, consisting of two sliding plates or bars, one carrying a stationary and also a pivoted jaw, the latter connected to another sliding plate or bar by a slotted connection to act through the pivoted jaw to lock the two sliding bars together, substantially as described.

11. The combination, with the disk 1, corn necting-rod I", and sliding bar I of the 0pposite sliding bar, 1 the stationary jaw 1 and pivoted hook-shaped jaw i, pivoted to the bar 1 and connected to the bar I" by a slotted plate, i and pin i substantially as described,

12. The combination, with the flattening and punching dies, the knife for cutting the reenforcing wire, and intermittent feed mechanism, of a nieking-die, G, consisting ofa stationary and a reciprocating block, substair. tially as described.

13. The combination, with the flattening and punching dies, a knife for cuttingthe re-enforcing wire, and mechanism for intermittently drawing the paragon wire through the machine, of the receiving-drum J, for receiving the paragon wire as it issues from the ma chine, substantially as described.

DANIEL M. REDMOND.

\Vitriesses:

H. A. Vnsr, EDGAR Tarn.

roe 

